Repeaters, Bridges, and Routers

Repeaters (Physical Layer)

• Amplify and retransmit signals
• Extend network distance beyond cable limits
• No data filtering (forwards all signals including noise/collisions)
• Multi-port repeaters connect multiple segments

Bridges (Data Link Layer)

• Connect two separate networks
• Forward only valid data based on destination address
• Reduce unnecessary traffic between segments
• Improve network efficiency

Routers (Network Layer)

• Connect different networks using same protocol (e.g., TCP/IP)
• Route data intelligently between networks
• Improve scalability and network segmentation