Repeaters, Bridges, and Routers

Repeaters (Physical Layer)

  • Amplify and retransmit signals
  • Extend network distance beyond cable limits
  • No data filtering (forwards all signals including noise/collisions)
  • Multi-port repeaters connect multiple segments

Bridges (Data Link Layer)

  • Connect two separate networks
  • Forward only valid data based on destination address
  • Reduce unnecessary traffic between segments
  • Improve network efficiency

Routers (Network Layer)

  • Connect different networks using same protocol (e.g., TCP/IP)
  • Route data intelligently between networks
  • Improve scalability and network segmentation
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